This was sent by a paramedic who wishes to remain anonymous.
911 was called because a 12 year-old female had a "seizure" at the gym.
On arrival, medics found the patient supine on gym mats, conscious but lethargic. Her skin was very pale, cold, and diaphoretic, and there was no radial pulse but only a palpable brachial. Her lips were cyanotic and firefighters had already begun oxygen therapy. She complained of nausea and bilateral rib pain not worsened by palpation or inspiration. She did not have any obvious injuries on exam, but we noticed bladder incontinence. She was still cyanotic 15 minutes after the "seizure."
The patient's coaches stated that she was "warming up" for practice when she suddenly lost consciousness, fell, and had brief seizure-like activity. They denied seeing her sustain any other injuries aside from a ground-level fall onto a soft surface. She regained consciousness within a few minutes, but remained altered.
Later on during transport, the patient was able to recall what happened: she was running when she became very dizzy and lost consciousness. The patient's family stated that she had no medical history, no previous seizures or similar episodes with exercise, and no family history of cardiac problems or sudden death.
A monitor strip showed frequent PACs.
After a quick exam and history we took her out to the ambulance, where her first set of vitals were: BP 100/63, HR 72, SpO2 99%, RR 22. Her lungs were clear and she never complained of dyspnea.
A prehospital 12-lead was recorded:
 |
| Sinus rhythm. There are clear ischemic (down-up) T-waves in II, III, aVF and V4-V6. There is an rSr' in V1, but this is not abnormal. It can especially be due to high lead placement. The QRS duration is 98 msec (normal) The computerized QTc is 461 ms (slightly long, but not dangerously so). |
Case Continued:
After about 6 or 7 minutes on oxygen, the patient's cyanosis resolved and so did the premature beats. Her mental status and skin greatly improved. However, for the remainder of transport her systolic blood pressure remained in the 80s (86/56) despite improvement otherwise (I wondered later if the first BP was an incorrect reading). We started a fluid bolus and by the time we reached the ED, her only complaint was fatigue.
She was admitted to a children's hospital.
The followup was somewhat sketchy, as it did not come from medical records but from family via a third party:
She was found to have an anomolous left main coronary artery which reportedly became "pinched" during exercise, causing severe ischemia with drop in cardiac output and syncope.
She had surgery to move the artery and is reportedly doing well. They are just having difficulty keeping her inactive.
Learning Points:
1. It may help to record an ECG in cases of "seizure"
2. Syncope in children can be due to ischemia, as well as due to pure rhythm disturbances such as long QT, WPW, Catecholaminergic polymorphic VT (CPVT), Brugada, AV block, etc.
3. Syncope during activity is particularly worrisome.
Check out this case:
A 16 year old girl has syncope while playing basketball.....
Here is my article on ED Syncope Workup:
GREAT case for a number of reasons. Most syncope/presyncope episodes in otherwise healthy children and adolescents are not due to a potentially serious cardiac disorder. But it is essential for us to recognize those few times when a potentially life-threatening cardiac abnormality is present. This case highlights one of those times. Specifically, an “alarm” should go off in each of us from the history that was obtained during transport — namely, that this 12-year old girl “recalls running when she suddenly became dizzy and fell”. Syncope during exercise = automatic referral for full evaluation!
ReplyDeleteWith all the recent attention directed at recognizing Brugada patterns — there is a tendency to equate the rSr’ patterns seen here in leads V1,V2 with Brugada. As per Dr. Smith — this ECG does not manifest a Brugada pattern. Even if lead placement turned out to be accurate in this case — the r’ in both V1,V2 is very narrow with rapid descent down to the baseline. That is normal. In contrast, with Brugada-1 or -2 (Saddleback) findings — this angle measured from the peak of the r’ ( = the ß-angle) is wide.
Finally — there is ST-T wave depression in inferior and lateral chest leads. In addition to the biphasic T wave appearance which is distinctly abnormal — the distribution of these ST-T wave changes is completely different than the anterior T wave inversion so commonly seen with juvenile T wave variant patterns.
THANKS for presenting this case!
Thanks, Ken!
DeleteDR smith,
ReplyDeletereally interesting ,young boy with dizziness on exercise ass with palpation makes us raise suspicion of arrhythmia and doing ECG is mandatory in any patient regardless his age .
I guess I see a positive epsilon wave in V1 (AM I right ?) which raise the suspicion of ARVD. WHY echo and \or MRI is not done ?
and if really the case was ANOMALOUS LEFT MAIN with ischemic changes , what is nthe role of cath lab here?
regard.
khalid
Interesting case. I had a similar one some years ago with an 8 year old patient. His anomalous coronary artery caused a large MI while playing basketball, resulting in a VF/VT arrest. Unfortunately he passed away two weeks after the incident due to complications of ECMO while on the heart transplant list.
ReplyDeleteVery sad. Thanks.
Delete