Wednesday, December 17, 2014

Subtle LAD Occlusion with Pseudonormalization of Wellens' Waves.

Here is another patient I saw a few weeks ago  He is in his 30's and presented with many hours of chest pain.  Here is his initial ECG:
The computerized QTc is 361.  There is ST elevation in V2-V4.  Is it normal ST elevation?  Normal ST elevation should have good R-waves and V2 and V3 have Q-waves.  So this is not normal ST elevation.
STEMI criteria: 2 consecutive leads with ST elevation, defined as 1 mm in V1 and V4-V6, and, for a 35 year old, 2.5 mm in V2 and V3 (at the J-point relative to the PQ junction).   This ECG has at most 1 mm in V2, 1.5-2.0 in V3, and 1.5 in V4, so it does not meet STEMI criteria.  LAD occlusion frequently does NOT present as STEMI on the ECG.

With the presence of Q-waves, one should assume this ST elevation is due to LAD occlusion, not to normal variant.  Do not even use the formula.

Let's go back in time

It turns out he had been in the hospital less than a month prior with a NonSTEMI with Wellens' syndrome.  Here is his ED ECG from that visit, after resolution of chest pain:
Classic Wellens'.  Patient is at high risk of closure of his LAD.

The physicians wanted to do an angiogram, but in spite of pleading with the patient, the patient would not agree to undergo any further testing because he felt fine.  They discharged him on aspirin and clopidogrel.

This was his pre-discharge ECG after having a peak troponin I of 0.78 ng/mL (99% = 0.030 ng/mL)
Notice that much of the T-wave inversion has normalized, but there is residual biphasic T-wave inversion in V4 and V5.

A pre-discharge echo showed LVH, no wall motion abnormality, and an EF of 60%.


Back to the 2nd ED presentation


And then he presented to me with this ECG, which I post again here so that it is in sequence:
I did not see this ECG immediately.  The computer of course read it as early repolarization.  The resident saw it and was worried and ordered a repeat ECG.      

--Had the resident compared with the previous ECG, the loss of R-wave would have made the diagnosis immediately.
--Had the resident seen the pseudonormalization of T-waves (now upright in V4 and V5, all but diagnostic of re-occlusion), the diagnosis would have been made sooner.
--Serial ECGs should not wait an hour



This is ECG #2, 54 minutes after the first:
Obvious anterior STEMI


Angiogram showed a proximal subtotal thrombotic occlusion which was stented.

Here is the post cath ECG:
Marked loss of R-waves with persistent ST elevation.  These may resolve over time but are highly correlated with development of LV aneurysm.

Echo 5 days later showed anterolateral, septal, and apical wall motion abnormalities and an EF of 40%.  Peak troponin I was 176 ng/mL (very high).



Learning Points:

1. As I've endlessly repeated here, LAD occlusion may be very subtle.  Any delay in diagnosis can result in significantly worse outcome.

2.  Wellens' syndrome is the result of reperfusion of a briefly occluded LAD.  That LAD is at high risk for re-occlusion

3. Re-occlusion results in pseudonormalization (see link for other cases) of the inverted Wellens' waves.  The apparently normal, upright, T-waves are in fact NOT normal and are the result of re-occlusion.

14 comments:

  1. GREAT case (though clearly unfortunate for the patient). Additional clues on the initial ECG that the QS complexes in V1,V2,V3 and the J-point ST elevation in lead V3,V4 are NOT normal - are: i) there is a Q wave as well as definite ST elevation in the low-amplitude complex in lead aVL; and ii) there is ST segment flattening and even some depression in the inferior leads - which together with the findings in lead aVL goes along with a proximal LAD occlusion.

    THANKS for posting!

    ReplyDelete
  2. Steve,
    Nice case! A little unusual that the QTc is so short, wouldn't you say?
    /Peter

    ReplyDelete
  3. Thanks,dr.Smith
    Is ST segment elevation significant by its millimeters of elevation or I should consider it significant if there is ST segment depression as in the first EKG..STe of one millimeter in leads I and aVL and STd in leads II,III and aVF
    ~KhaleD

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  4. Peter: Yes. This is why one cannot rely on any one determinant. the most important of all is R-wave amplitude. Here there are Q-waves, making early repol impossible!

    ReplyDelete
  5. Where can I find a good explanation as to why we see the findings of wellens after reperfusion and pseudonormalization after reperfusion from an electrical phys point of view?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I'm sure you cannot find it anywhere. In fact, there is no literature that shows that Wellens' waves are reperfusion waves. This is, as far as I can tell, an idea that I have propagated based on reperfusion literature from Wehrens http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002870300900863 and Doevendans http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002914999807632

      Delete
  6. Dear Dr Smith,
    Am I wrong in saying that there is J wave in lead V4 -V5 and that could be due to early repolarization.
    regards,
    Amita.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. it is a J-wave but we also see these in anterior MI

      Delete
  7. Hello doctor, ECG 2 in this post "Here is his ED ECG from that visit, after resolution of chest pain"
    What to make of the subtle STD n T wave inversions in lead 1 n lead aVL? Are those reciprocal changes indicative of evolving inf wall STEMI? Do we discharge the pt saying he may develope MI(wellens) or he is in the stage of an ongoing n MI(Reciprocal changes) ?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I don't see any STD in I and aVL. In fact, there is a tiny bit of STE.

      Delete
    2. Sorry, not STD, but only TWI...

      Delete
    3. Oh, yes, that is just because the lesion was proximal to the first Diagonal. Anterolateral MI, not just anterior.

      Delete

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