Tuesday, April 8, 2014

Waxing and Waning Chest Pain

A male in his 50s presented with Chest pain on and off during the day.  At the time of presentation, he had only some jaw pain.  An ECG was recorded:
What do you think?










There are inferior and lateral T-wave inversions (reperfusion T-waves, analogous to Wellens' waves which were described in the LAD distribution, V2-V4, but this also applies also to other coronary distributions).  There is also ST depression in V2 and V3: this is of course really ST elevation of the posterior wall, as recorded from the anterior wall.  

T-waves are upright in V2 and V3 because, just like the inferior and lateral walls, the posterior wall is also reperfused.  If we had posterior leads, it would show posterior T-wave inversion.  Instead, we have anterior lead recordings, which superimpose a positive anterior T-wave with the opposite (because recorded from the opposing anterior chest) of a negative posterior T-wave (reperfusion of the posterior wall).  Thus, we have the oppositve of a negative, which is positive; this positive is added to the anterior positive, which is two positives, and so the T-wave is upright with some added voltage.

This had me very worried, so even though the patient had no new symptoms, within 15 minutes I recorded another ECG to be certain that the artery was not re-occluding.  Here it is:
What do you think?














Now the T-waves are upright in inferior and lateral leads (pseudonormalization), indicating re-occlusion of the infarct-related artery.   There is new minimal ST elevation in II, III, aVF and reciprocal ST depression in aVL.  This is diagnostic of inferior MI (though technically not a "STEMI" because it does not meet the artibrary "criteria" for STEMI which we know are useless numerical cutoffs.

This is another NonSTEMI that needs the cath lab now, as the ECG shows signs of coronary occlusion even without 1 mm of ST elevation.

The T-waves in V2 and V3 are still upright. The predominant forces are still from the anterior wall, which is closest to the overlying leads, so any small amount of posterior positivity (which would result in a negative T-wave as recorded anteriorly) is overwhelmed by the anterior wall positive T-waves.

I activated the cath lab immediately.

Shortly thereafter, the patient reported no pain at all, including absence of neck pain.  We recorded this ECG:
Now the T-waves are inverted again, the ST segments have all but normalized, and the precordial T-waves are much larger becuase of the addition of anterior wall positive T-waves to the negative of posterior negative T-waves (see explanation above).

   

On arrival in the cath lab he was pain free.  The angiogram showed an ulcerated thrombotic plaque in the distal RCA with good flow, plus a very tight lesion in a right posterolateral branch to the posterior and lateral walls.

Diagnosis: Infero-postero-lateral MI due to dynamic ACS of the RCA.

Peak troponin I was 1 ng/mL.  

Standard management in these cases is to admit the patient on medical management for ACS: aspirin, heparin or LMWH, P2Y12 inhibitor.  If the patient rules in, then he/she goes to the cath lab the next day.  But this is not adequate for a significant percentage of NonSTEMI patients; namely, those who have evidence of coronary occlusion or an artery that is opening and closing.  There are no randomized trials of this management strategy, but there are several studies showing that when NonSTEMI patients do get their next day cath after a rule in by troponins, the infarct related artery is closed about 25-30% of the time.  These patients have higher biomarkers, worse LV function, and higher mortaility than patients whose artery is open.

1. Wang T et al.  Am Heart J 2009;157(4):716-23.
2. From AM, et al. Am J Cardiol 2010;106(8):1081-5.
3. Pride YB et al.  JACC: Cardiovasc Interventions 2010; 3(8):806-11.

Lessons:

1. Wellens' syndrome has analogous findings in the inferior and/or lateral walls.
2. T-wave changes of the posterior wall record in the opposite direction from the anterior wall.
3. Reperfusion T-waves indicate a very unstable plaque that can instantly re-occlude at any moment. The re-occlusion is signaled by a "pseudonormalization" of T-waves.  
4. Many coronary occlusions do not have 1 mm of ST segment elevation
5. Many NonSTEMIs need the cath lab now.

9 comments:

  1. Fantastic presentation, very thought provoking. Great!

    ReplyDelete
  2. You answered lot of questions in the background. Do you mean urgent Cath such patients has limited benifits? I always wonder why the 1mm limit, what would happen if I administered thrombolytics?

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    Replies
    1. Uncertain what thrombolytics would do if artery open: probably lyse the remaining clot and help. However, if the artery is open, the patient is at no imminent risk unless there is re-occlusion. so waiting is ok as long as monitored well. Treat with full antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapy and use continuous 12-lead ST segment monitoring. Lytics of course have risks.

      Delete
  3. Great example of "It's not the millimeters, it's the context!" When I'm working with residents or paramedic students, I'm going to haul out this case as a prime example of the deficiencies of the "CMS-billing-for-STEMI" criteria!

    With that in mind, I wonder if you could create a label in the index for these sorts of cases on the blog (perhaps there is one already that I missed?). Not sure what you would name it - "STEMI with < 1 mm?" "Occult STEMI?" "90 minute quality measure excluded STEMIs?"

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. it is already there: "occlusion with less than 1 mm ST elevation". Unfortunately, I have many cases that I did not put that label on that do deserve it. But many of those are under the label "sublet"

      http://hqmeded-ecg.blogspot.com/search/label/Occlusion%20with%20less%20than%201mm%20ST%20Elevation:


      http://hqmeded-ecg.blogspot.com/search/label/subtle

      Delete
    2. There is another one: "Anterior STEMI with minimal ST elevation less than 2 mm"

      http://hqmeded-ecg.blogspot.com/search/label/Anterior%20STEMI%20with%20minimal%20ST%20elevation%20less%20than%201%20mm

      Delete
  4. Hey Steve,

    Another great example of the insensitivity of "STEMI criteria" for acute coronary occlusion.

    One question I have is on the 1st ECG (artery open with reperfusion T-waves): all the inverted T-waves, as well as the tall upright T-waves in V2/V3 (posterior reperfusion T-waves) make sense; but any explanation for why there would also be ST Depression in V2 & V3 (Posterior ST-Elevation) at this time when the artery is open?

    Thanks!
    Sam

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Sam,
      It takes time for ST elevation to resolve. A decrease of only 50% in ST elevation is diagnostic of reperfusion.
      Steve

      Delete

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