This young woman presented with atypical chest pain, often severe, for 10 days. MI was ruled out and an alternative diagnosis was made by chest x-ray, then MRI, and this alternative diagnosis appeared to explain the symptoms. However, it did not:
On day 1 (10th day of symptoms), she had this ECG:
On day 2, she had an echocardiogram which showed a very small pericardial effusion.
On day 3, she had this ECG:
Pericarditis is usually diffuse (not localized to any one wall), with all walls equally involved. Since the apex of the heart is directed anterior and lateral and slightly inferior, all those ST vectors add up and the ST axis is in those directions. Thus, there is no reciprocal ST depression except for aVR (which is always reciprocal to other limb leads). The PR depression, which is 1 mm in leads I, II, and V3 is very specific for pericarditis. Spodick found in his series that 0.8 mm or more was specific. The best cutoff, and the respective sensitivities and specificities, are not exactly known. But it is important to remember that the normal Ta wave results in normal PR depression.
On day 5, a friction rub was heard and her heart rate was elevated at 110, but she had no increase in symptoms. She had this ECG recorded:
On day 6, her heart rate elevated to 135 and she had this ECG:
An echo showed a very large effusion and tamponade physiology. She underwent pericardiocentesis. It was idiopathic pericarditis. She did well.
On day 1 (10th day of symptoms), she had this ECG:
 |
| There is slight ST elevation in leads I, II, aVL and aVF. There is no STE in III. There is no recipocal ST depression. This is consistent with either normal ST elevation or pericarditis |
On day 2, she had an echocardiogram which showed a very small pericardial effusion.
On day 3, she had this ECG:
 |
| Now there is marked STE greatest in leads I and II. There is also some STE in aVL and aVF, but still none in III. V4-V6 have some STE. The ST axis is approximately 30 degrees in the frontal plane (between leads I and II). Thus it has a small vector towards both aVL and aVF, but none towards III. There is a slight anterior ST vector towards V4. There is diffuse PR depression and the leads with ST elevation do not have large T-waves. |
Pericarditis is usually diffuse (not localized to any one wall), with all walls equally involved. Since the apex of the heart is directed anterior and lateral and slightly inferior, all those ST vectors add up and the ST axis is in those directions. Thus, there is no reciprocal ST depression except for aVR (which is always reciprocal to other limb leads). The PR depression, which is 1 mm in leads I, II, and V3 is very specific for pericarditis. Spodick found in his series that 0.8 mm or more was specific. The best cutoff, and the respective sensitivities and specificities, are not exactly known. But it is important to remember that the normal Ta wave results in normal PR depression.
On day 5, a friction rub was heard and her heart rate was elevated at 110, but she had no increase in symptoms. She had this ECG recorded:
 |
| The STE is more pronounced, which could be due to the increasing effect of pericarditis, or to the increased heart rate. |
On day 6, her heart rate elevated to 135 and she had this ECG:
 |
| There is not also some subtle electrical alternans, which is a sign of tamponade (it does not occur in effusion without tamponade, at least not often) |
An echo showed a very large effusion and tamponade physiology. She underwent pericardiocentesis. It was idiopathic pericarditis. She did well.
Mr. Smith,
ReplyDeleteI am an Instructor. I was wondering if you would be able to tell me how you get you 12 LEADS to be so clean. Do you use a program to render the 12 LEADS?
Sorry if this is the wrong place to ask. Didn't know how else to ask.
Best Regards,
Bryan
Bryan,
DeleteThese are recorded by our professional EKG staff on Phillips machines.
Hope that helps.
Steve Smith
Dr. Smith,
ReplyDeletein the first track appears in addition to sinus tachycardia and ST segment elevation on a PR segment depression in leads V2, V3 and leads DII, aVF PR-segment elevation in aVR.
What is the importance of these signs in the ECG diagnosis of pericarditis?
In the last track appears a sign defined electrical Alternas (consecutive QRS complexes alternate in height) compatible with massive pericardial effusion.
Thanks for your attention.
Greetings
Vittorio Masciulli
Vittorio,
DeleteYes, I forgot to mention those. And I will now. A certain amount of PR depression can be normal. Spodick found that 0.8 mm of PR depression is very specific, but no one knows how sensitive that is, and lesser amounts are, of course, less specific. Here there is at least 1 mm of PR depression and that is very strong evidence that this is pericarditis. However, I don't think there was a lot of doubt in this case.
Steve
What is the highest possible ST elevation in acute pericarditis, sir?
ReplyDelete