Here is a series of ECGs with increasing ST elevation (STE). They are of a young male with pleuritic, but not positional, chest pain.
Time zero:
Time = 4.5 hours:
There was no pericardial friction rub and echo revealed no pericardial fluid and no wall motion abnormality, and normal EF.
Time = 5.2 hours:
Time = 7.2 hours:
He ruled out for MI.
Diagnosis: probable dynamic early repolarization. Could it be pericarditis? Yes, but if there is no pericardial effusion and there is good cardiac function with negative troponins (not myocarditis with myocardial dysfunction), then pericarditis would be treated with Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications only.
In other words, the really important differential is this: is this STEMI, or is it a more benign etiology? And to make this determination, it is important to know that early repolarization may be dynamic (1, 2). And it may even change from hour to hour, or with heart rate or exercise. We have seen this many times, though it is not common.
The use of the LAD-BER formula may be of great help and lead one to obtain an echocardiogram rather than activating the cath lab.
1. Kambara H, Phillips J. Long-term evaluation of early repolarization syndrome (normal variant RS-T segment elevation). Am J Cardiol 1976;38(2):157-61.
Kambara, in his longitudinal study of 65 patients with early repolarization, found that 20 patients had inferior ST elevation and none of these were without simultaneous anterior ST elevation. Elevations in inferior leads were less than 0.5mm in 18 of 20 cases. Kambara also found that, in 26% of patients, the ST elevation disappeared on follow up ECG, and that in 74% the degree of ST elevation varied on followup ECGs.
2. Mehta MC. Jain AC. Early Repolarization on the Scalar Electrocardiogram. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 309(6):305-11; June 1995.
Sixty thousand electrocardiograms were analyzed for 5 years. Six hundred (1%) revealed early repolarization (ER). Features of ER were compared with race-, age-, and sex-matched controls (93.5% were Caucasians, 77% were males, 78.3% were younger than 50 years, and only 3.5% were older than 70). Those with ER had elevated, concave, ST segments in all electrocardiograms (1-5 mv), which were located most commonly in precordial leads (73%), with reciprocal ST depression (50%) in aVR, and notch and slur on R wave (56%). Other results included sinus bradycardia in 22%, shorter and depressed PR interval in 38%, slightly asymmetrical T waves in 96.7%, and U waves in 50%. Sixty patients exercised normalized ST segment and shortened QT interval (83%). In another 60 patients, serial studies for 10 years showed disappearance of ER in 18%, and was seen intermittently in the rest of the patients. The authors conclude that in these patients with ER: 1) male preponderance was found; 2) incidence in Caucasians was as common as in blacks; 3) patients often were younger than 50 years; 4) sinus bradycardia was the most common arrhythmia; 5) the PR interval was short and depressed; 6) the T wave was slightly asymmetrical; 7) exercise normalized ST segment; 8) incidence and degree of ST elevation reduced as age advanced; 9) possible mechanisms of ER are vagotonia, sympathetic stimulation, early repolarization of sub-epicardium, and difference in monophasic action potential observed on the endocardium and epicardium.
Time zero:
 |
| NSR. No remarkable findings. Minimal STE in V2, V3, and I. QTc 383. LAD occlusion, early repol formula = 18.1 |
Time = 4.5 hours:
 |
| New, diffuse ST elevation. QTc 384, formula 19.1. The ST axis is about 30 degrees (towards leads I and II, such that there is STE in aVL, I, II, and aVF, but not III) and there is no reciprocal ST depression except in lead aVR). This is very typical for pericarditis or diffuse early repolarization. Pericarditis does not usually have T-wave voltage this high; a high T/ST ratio is more likely to be early repolarization. Additionally, there are very well formed J-waves, typical of early repolarization. It is highly unlikely to be acute STEMI. |
There was no pericardial friction rub and echo revealed no pericardial fluid and no wall motion abnormality, and normal EF.
Time = 5.2 hours:
 |
| More ST elevation, especially in lead V2. QTc 389, formula 20.56 |
Time = 7.2 hours:
 |
| No change. QTc 389, formula 19.96 |
He ruled out for MI.
Diagnosis: probable dynamic early repolarization. Could it be pericarditis? Yes, but if there is no pericardial effusion and there is good cardiac function with negative troponins (not myocarditis with myocardial dysfunction), then pericarditis would be treated with Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications only.
In other words, the really important differential is this: is this STEMI, or is it a more benign etiology? And to make this determination, it is important to know that early repolarization may be dynamic (1, 2). And it may even change from hour to hour, or with heart rate or exercise. We have seen this many times, though it is not common.
The use of the LAD-BER formula may be of great help and lead one to obtain an echocardiogram rather than activating the cath lab.
1. Kambara H, Phillips J. Long-term evaluation of early repolarization syndrome (normal variant RS-T segment elevation). Am J Cardiol 1976;38(2):157-61.
Kambara, in his longitudinal study of 65 patients with early repolarization, found that 20 patients had inferior ST elevation and none of these were without simultaneous anterior ST elevation. Elevations in inferior leads were less than 0.5mm in 18 of 20 cases. Kambara also found that, in 26% of patients, the ST elevation disappeared on follow up ECG, and that in 74% the degree of ST elevation varied on followup ECGs.
2. Mehta MC. Jain AC. Early Repolarization on the Scalar Electrocardiogram. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 309(6):305-11; June 1995.
Sixty thousand electrocardiograms were analyzed for 5 years. Six hundred (1%) revealed early repolarization (ER). Features of ER were compared with race-, age-, and sex-matched controls (93.5% were Caucasians, 77% were males, 78.3% were younger than 50 years, and only 3.5% were older than 70). Those with ER had elevated, concave, ST segments in all electrocardiograms (1-5 mv), which were located most commonly in precordial leads (73%), with reciprocal ST depression (50%) in aVR, and notch and slur on R wave (56%). Other results included sinus bradycardia in 22%, shorter and depressed PR interval in 38%, slightly asymmetrical T waves in 96.7%, and U waves in 50%. Sixty patients exercised normalized ST segment and shortened QT interval (83%). In another 60 patients, serial studies for 10 years showed disappearance of ER in 18%, and was seen intermittently in the rest of the patients. The authors conclude that in these patients with ER: 1) male preponderance was found; 2) incidence in Caucasians was as common as in blacks; 3) patients often were younger than 50 years; 4) sinus bradycardia was the most common arrhythmia; 5) the PR interval was short and depressed; 6) the T wave was slightly asymmetrical; 7) exercise normalized ST segment; 8) incidence and degree of ST elevation reduced as age advanced; 9) possible mechanisms of ER are vagotonia, sympathetic stimulation, early repolarization of sub-epicardium, and difference in monophasic action potential observed on the endocardium and epicardium.
The age, good R-waves, QTc, and lack of reciprocal changes would make each ECG in isolation seem less STEMI, but I think if I watched these changes over time I'd be inclined to activate.
ReplyDeleteGiven the dynamic changes, would it be unreasonable for field providers to activate a STEMI with these findings?
Definitely not unreasonable. These are subtle and difficult issues.
DeleteNice ECG site !
ReplyDeletethanks for the feedback!
DeleteI had not realized BER could be so dynamic and I was truly getting some STEMI "vibes" there for a while. However, no reciprocal depressions and kind of typical BER appearance suggested a more benign etiology. Still, I'm glad it's not my call - yet.
ReplyDeleteThanks for another educating ECG!
//Sam
ReplyDeleteWhat is the direction of ST vector in benign early rep ?
Generally 45 degrees and slightly anterior, towards II and V5.
DeleteIt's the same as pericarditis
DeleteThank you steve
I have no formal data on it, but I believe that the axis is more variable in early repol than pericarditis. Sometimes you see recprocal ST depression in aVL, sometimes you see ST in aVL with depression in III. Both of these are rare in pericarditis.
Delete